Tumaco: la ausencia de justicia social

Se corrió el velo de la escenografía de la guerra y Colombia empieza a ver de frente la complejidad derivada de un país en posconflicto, sumido en la pobreza, la inequidad, el olvido histórico, los problemas cotidianos de la gente y la fragilidad social tapizada en grandes extensiones de coca, que no se podrá allanar aumentando el pie de fuerza en los territorios.

A lo anterior se suma la invasiva presión de Estados Unidos por apurar a sangre y fuego la erradicación forzada de los cultivos de coca que inundan los mercados gringos y la amenaza de descertificación del país que nos pone a todos contra las cuerdas.

Tumaco saltó del abandono total a los titulares de grandes medios a cuenta de la masacre que cobró la vida de siete personas: campesinos, afrodescendientes e indígenas que vienen liderando reclamos honestos que buscan la concreción de sus derechos más fundamentales y la promesa de la implementación del Acuerdo de Paz que se firmó para poner fin a la confrontación armada encaminada a la construcción de una paz estable y duradera, pero sobre todo con justicia social. 

Justicia social que vienen reclamando desde el corazón del territorio campesinos y pueblos indígenas protegidos por la Corte Constitucional en sentencia del 2009, en el marco del estado de cosas inconstitucional sobre el desplazamiento forzado, que ordenó al Estado colombiano implementar planes de salvaguarda para 34 pueblos indígenas agobiados por el conflicto y que hoy están algunos de ellos inundados por la coca, cultivo que en alguna medida les ha permitido su sobrevivencia.  

El relato del Consejero Mayor del Pueblo Awá, asentado en Tumaco, no puede ser más contundente: “El Gobierno no ha traído cumplimiento antes, no será fácil hacer acuerdos (…)”, nos dijo esta semana en una corta reunión donde relató además que su pueblo está atrapado en el corazón de la selva donde el olvido es histórico, no tienen vías terciarias, ni para que puedan entrar alimentos, ni para sacar a los enfermos, ni para transportar combustible, ni mucho menos, para que cinco mil niños, a pesar de que caminan cuatro horas diarias -dos de ida y dos de vuelta- puedan acceder a la educación pública. Trece líderes indígenas de la región han sido asesinados en los últimos dos años y a pesar del alivio que significó para ellos la firma del Acuerdo de Paz, denuncian que el riesgo que corren sus vidas es inminente debido a la reagrupación de nuevas fuerzas armadas ilegales -unos 12 grupos- que ordenan ya el confinamiento en sus territorios a partir de las seis de la tarde y se han apoderado del negocio de la coca. 

El profesor Mauricio García anota que la principal fuente de discriminación en Colombia es el déficit de poder estatal, es decir, la falta de capacidad del Estado para controlar el territorio nacional que se concreta principalmente en cuatro factores: pobreza, pertenencia étnica, presencia de grupos armados y minería; para el caso de Tumaco, agregaría la producción y comercialización de coca, economías ilícitas, conflictos territoriales, corrupción a todo nivel y la extrema fragilidad en la implementación del Acuerdo de Paz. Este puerto privilegiado por su ubicación estratégica tiene según mediciones de la Universidad de los Andes, un índice de pobreza multidimensional de cerca del 80% y el índice de necesidades básicas insatisfechas es ligeramente inferior al 50%. 

Pero lo más preocupante es que esta explosión de problemas está cobrando vidas humanas y tiene a las comunidades de Tumaco expuestas a más muerte y desolación. Durante el último año han sido asesinadas 14 personas, incluidos líderes sociales, autoridades indígenas, defensores de derechos humanos y promotores del Acuerdo de Paz, sin que aún se tenga claridad sobre la autoría de estos crímenes. 
De acuerdo con la Fundación Paz y Reconciliación lo que ocurre allí puede replicarse fatalmente en otros diez municipios en donde se concentran más del 50% de cultivos de uso ilícito como son Tibú, Puerto Asís, El Tambo, Valle del Guamuez, Sardinata, El Tarra, Barbacoas, San Miguel y Orito, en los que el área cultivada de coca pasó de 45.748 hectáreas a 70.579 en un año 2015 a 2016. 

Así las cosas, le corresponde al Estado construir paz en el territorio mediante la implementación del Acuerdo de Paz, específicamente en lo que respecta a la decisión de sustituir los cultivos de uso ilícito que no puede ser de otra manera que concertada con la gente y acompañada no solo de planes productivos, sino de políticas y programas convenidos colectivamente en los territorios y orientados a superar las múltiples vulnerabilidades y riesgos que enfrenta la población que no se solucionan incrementando la presencia militar. 

En memoria de las víctimas de octubre de este año en Tumaco: Aldemar Gil Guachetá; Diego Escobar Dorado; Nelson Chacuendo Calambas; Janier Usperto Cortés Mairongo; Jaime Guanga Pai; Alfonso Taicús Taicus; Iván Ramiro Muñoz; José Jair Cortés, el gobernador indígena Aulio Isarama Forastero, asesinado en Chocó y otros 82 líderes asesinados en el último año en el país según la Fundación Paz y Reconciliación.  

Columna para el periódico La Patria

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