ESTATUTO DE LA OPOSICIÓN, MEGÁFONO DE LA COLOMBIA PROFUNDA

ESTATUTO DE LA OPOSICIÓN, MEGÁFONO DE LA COLOMBIA PROFUNDA

Resulta llamativo que en un país que a lo largo de su historia ha sido dominado por el bipartidismo no se haya logrado expedir un estatuto de la oposición (puesto que cada partido sabe que puede perder el poder y que por tanto necesita de aquellas garantías).

Y sin embargo, paradójicamente, según Andrés Dávila en Razón Pública una revisión de nuestra vida política permite constatar que en cierto sentido los partidos tradicionales no han necesitado de ese estatuto. El juego político, con sus características de competencia y coalición, siempre ha estado presente dentro de un orden que puede definirse como de “centro-derecha”. Allí se han dado una interacción y un desacuerdo notorios entre gobierno y oposición:

Las relaciones fueron tensas e incluso tendieron a desembocar en violencia en los momentos de predominio de un partido (como decir bajo la República Conservadora a comienzos del s. XX o bajo la República Liberal de los años 1930).

Bajo los muchos gobiernos nacidos de distintos arreglos de coalición, la relación ha sido por supuesto menos tensa. El ejemplo más claro fue el del Frente Nacional, pero este no ha sido el único momento de unión entre los partidos para asegurar la supervivencia de la democracia en Colombia, dicen unos, o para fragmentar el país entre trabajadores y propietarios dicen algunos otros.

Casi 26 años después de la promulgación de la Constitución Política de 1991, se radicó ante el Senado de la República el proyecto de ley por medio del cual se adoptaría un estatuto de la oposición.

Han sido 11 los proyectos de ley que, desde 1991 hasta la fecha, se han presentado con el objetivo de adoptar el estatuto en mención, por supuesto ninguno de ellos ha llegado a convertirse en ley de la República, con lo cual el artículo 112 constitucional ha permanecido como letra muerta.

El Partido Liberal, el Polo Democrático en su momento y especialmente durante la última presidencia de Álvaro Uribe Vélez se declararon en oposición, y el Partido Alianza Verde que llegó al escenario político en el primer mandato del Presidente Santos, declarándose como independiente, actuaron en un marco que escasamente permitía de vez en cuando participación en las mesas directivas, y una que otra aparición de 1, dos o máximo 5 minutos para expresar postulados en medios de comunicación al mes. Pero lo más frustrante, fue la permisividad con la que se evidenciaba que algunos integrantes de las colectividades, por encima y sin ningún llamado de atención o castigo vendieran la plataforma programática y los principios de los partidos negociando embajadas, ministerios entre otros, por debajo de la mesa.

Esta vez el escenario es diferente, el texto que se pone a consideración del Congreso recoge en gran parte las recomendaciones hechas por la comisión de expertos creada en agosto del 2016 para trabajar en el estatuto de la oposición, en cumplimiento a lo pactado dentro del Acuerdo Final de Paz suscrito entre el Gobierno y la guerrilla de las Farc. A petición de un grupo de partidos y movimientos políticos, el Ministerio del Interior, con el apoyo del Centro Carter y el PNUD, impulsó la puesta en marcha de mesas de trabajo para debatir en torno a propuestas y lineamientos de reforma política sobre tres aspectos: i) estatuto de la oposición política; ii) sistema de partidos y movimientos políticos; y, iii) sistema electoral.

Durante 17 jornadas (8 meses) se reunieron los representantes y delegados del Partido Alianza Verde, los partidos y movimientos políticos, de agrupaciones políticas como Congreso de los Pueblos y Marcha Patriótica, organizaciones de mujeres y de la Mesa de Conversaciones de La Habana para debatir un nuevo estatuto de oposición. También participaron delegados de otros grupos significativos de ciudadanos como Progresistas, Compromiso Ciudadano y Fuerza Ciudadana. A pesar de ello fuerzas de oposición Política como el Centro Democrático, no hicieron parte de dichas discusiones. El estatuto de oposición hoy contiene la formalización de los siguientes derechos:

a) Financiación adicional para el ejercicio de la oposición;
b) Acceso a los medios de comunicación social del Estado o que hacen uso del 
espectro electromagnético;
c) Acceso a la información y a la documentación oficial;
d) Derecho de réplica;
e) Participación en Mesas Directivas de plenarias de las corporaciones públicas de 
elección popular;
f) Participación en la Agenda de las Corporaciones Públicas;
g) Garantía del libre ejercicio de los derechos políticos;
h) Participación en la Comisión de Relaciones Exteriores;
i) Derecho a participar en las herramientas de comunicación de las corporaciones 
públicas de elección popular;
j) Derecho a la sesión exclusiva sobre el Plan de Desarrollo y presupuesto.

Paradójicamente, quienes hoy más se oponen al Acuerdo Final de Paz suscrito entre el Gobierno y las Farc-Ep, quienes se quejan a diario al interior del Congreso de la República por la presunta vulneración de los tiempos de intervención, en los debates de los más importantes proyectos de ley y actos legislativos del país, quienes en su momento se quejaron en la campaña del plebiscito, por falta de financiación para la campaña del no o por el acceso a los medios de comunicación. Los mismos que negativamente planteaban que la unidad nacional casi que pupitreó el Plan Nacional de desarrollo y el presupuesto general de la nación. Hoy, se oponen al nuevo Estatuto.

Anexo estado del proyecto y documentos de tramite.

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