El voto de las mujeres, un salto a la ciudadanía plena

El voto de las mujeres, un salto a la ciudadanía plena

El voto de las mujeres fue una gran conquista. Sesenta años después de que pudiéramos ejercerlo por primera vez, la historia de las luchas que influyeron en su aprobación nos invita a seguir avanzando hacia la paridad, y más allá, hacia una representación en los órganos del poder que permita realizar los ideales de la justicia para todas y para todos. 

Porque a pesar de que las revoluciones modernas reivindicaron los valores de la igualdad, la libertad y la fraternidad, éstos no fueron predicados desde el principio para la mitad de la población del mundo. Para la memoria, queda el registro de que Colombia fue uno de los primeros países donde se aprobó el llamado voto femenino en la Constitución de la Provincia de Vélez de 1853, que desafortunadamente duró solo dos años. Por la misma época, en 1848, Lucrettia Mott y Elizabeth Cady presentaron la Declaración emblemática de Sénera Falls con la que pusieron en papel la necesidad de hacer realidad en la vida social y política de las mujeres los derechos humanos “del hombre y del ciudadano”, incluyendo el derecho a elegir y ser elegidas. 

Lucy Estone, Susan B. Antony, Harriet Taylor, Lydia Becker, Millicent Garrent Fawcett, así como Clara Zethkin y Lily Braun fueron algunas de las primeras sufragistas en países como Estados Unidos, Inglaterra, Alemania y Rusia. Ellas, igual que mujeres colombianas como Esmeralda Arboleda y Josefina Valencia, tuvieron que enfrentar a lo largo de sus vidas los mismos argumentos naturalistas que se esgrimen para mantener a las mujeres en condición de subordinación. Con la idea del “sexo débil” se ha querido decir, como cuenta Mario Aguilera en un maravilloso texto sobre este tema, que el destino de las mujeres es estar lejos de la política, y en cambio “adherirse a los seres que sufren, sacrificarse por las personas que aman, llevar consuelo a la cama de los enfermos, aceptar de lleno sus graves y austeros deberes de madre y esposa”. 

A partir de la industrialización de principios del Siglo XX, las mujeres obreras exigieron sus derechos en consonancia con su incorporación al mundo de la producción. Ellas, como la recordada María Cano, hicieron frente a la explotación a que se vieron sometidas como trabajadoras por los acosos sexuales que sufrían permanentemente, y porque igual que hoy tenían que asumir una gran carga global de trabajo, mayor a la de los hombres. Las huelgas de 1920 y 1935 en fábricas como Fabricato, fueron la inauguración de un proceso de reivindicaciones que llevó a que se reconociera la igualdad de derechos civiles en la Ley 28 de 1932. Sin embargo, solo hasta 1955 se decretó la extensión de la cédula documento de identidad a todas las personas durante la Dictadura del General Rojas Pinilla, con el que las mujeres podrían ejercer cargos públicos, producto del esfuerzo del movimiento sufragista, del contexto de cambios internacionales y, hay que decirlo, de muchos intentos de instrumentalización. 

Así, votamos hace sesenta años con la fuerza de la historia para hacer realidad la promesa de los ideales de emancipación, contra la dictadura y por la paz, pero también como consecuencia de la exigencia de justicia redistributiva de las mujeres trabajadoras y los intentos de manipular nuestro reconocimiento. 

En 2017, los desafíos hacia el futuro se comprenden mejor si no olvidamos el pasado. 

En términos de inclusión, a pesar que las mujeres somos el 51,6% de la población en Colombia hoy solo ocupamos el 15,6% de los cargos de elección popular. En el Congreso por ejemplo, el número de mujeres aumentó en la última legislatura (2014-2018) solo en siete puntos porcentuales pasando de 14,1% a 21%. Además, hay que mencionar el hecho de que nunca una mujer ha sido Presidenta de nuestro país, lo que podría cambiar en las próximas elecciones. Por esto tenemos que alcanzar la paridad 50-50 como corresponde a la proporción poblacional. 

Pero también tenemos que decir con María Emma Wills que existe un déficit de representación de las mujeres en la política no solo se debe a la brecha en los cargos porque incluso cuando llegan a ellos no necesariamente asumen la defensa de derechos vinculados a nuestras condiciones socio económicas. Necesitamos más mujeres en la política que, ojalá, comprendan y luchen contra el modelo patriarcal que todavía nos considera ciudadanas de segunda clase. Que luchen por la redistribución a favor de las muchas mujeres empobrecitas, muchas de las cuales se dedican a labores de cuidado no remunerado y que por tener menos tiempo se involucran menos en la política. 
Hay quienes pronostican que estos cambios de inclusión y representación se demorarán 30, 50 o 100 años. Nosotras sabemos que nuestra fuerza no solo mueve montañas, sino que mueve el tiempo. 

Columna para el periódico LA PATRIA

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